“A Saudi memorandum on its rights in the Gulf of Aqaba affirmed the Kingdom’s commitment to safeguarding its territorial waters. It noted that the 1947 Partition Plan for Palestine was among the principal causes of regional instability since the establishment of Israel. In 1956, following Israel’s aggression against Egypt, the Kingdom asserted its exclusive right of passage in the Gulf of Aqaba, a right grounded in the 1888 Constantinople Convention, which guaranteed secure routes for Muslim pilgrims
